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PORTUGAL: Compensation due to the agent on termination of agency contracts

Mr. Paolo Pozzan

The termination of an agency contract can be and usually is, the principal source of compensation may have to pay Agent earnings.

These compensation can be divided into two broad categories, and Compensation risarcimentodanni score.

Damages is due by the Principal Agent misurain in which the termination is in breach of contractual provisions or mandatory normelegali the agency's contract.

So the damages can be summed up in the classic figures of dannoemergente and profits, will be paid by the Principal Agent if, for example, termination of contract is communicated in contravention of preavvisolegalmente expected, or if there is such a breach of contract (clause violazionereiterata exclusive inadempimentocontratti supply, etc. ..) for which the agent has terminated the contract because allegandogiusta.

In these cases, the agent may require the Principal damages, which, in the classic case of non-compliance of the notice period, will be calculated in two different ways, categorized according the choice of Agent:

a - actual calculation of actual damages and profits, failure to give notice peril.

b- deldanno standard calculation based on the average remunerazionemensile remuneration calculated on the previous year, multiplied by Imes in lieu of notice.

Compensation score corresponds to a ilPreponente remuneration to be paid to the Agent for the task of creating and fomentazionedel market activity during the agency contract and remains comeplusvalenza dell'aziendapreponente.

The doctrine in general opines the use of the term "compensation" to the extent that, in reality, it is not compensation, comerisarcimento understood, but the payment of a positive externality (gains) that Agenteha created in the sphere of Principal Capital and that the puòsfruttare after the termination of the agency.

However, this fee is payable by the Principal Agent nellamisura only where:

to ) Agent nuoviclienti actually procured, or has substantially increased the volume of business with clientipreesistenti;

b) The Preponentevenga to benefit considerably activity of procacciagione svoltadall'agente;

c) Agent nonriceva, after the termination of the contract, other remuneration for laconclusione deal with customers procured by him.

In the event of termination of the contract by the agency indennizzodella customer is always due, unless the exception in case ilcontratto is terminated for reasons attributable to the agent.

We refer therefore to the classical resolution contrattualeeffettuata the main cause, however, in order to abuse evitarepossibili pretext of the principal, the law requires that the statement on the agency's risoluzionesia written and sent within one month after which has been done conoscenzadel resolution, which must be reasonably explained egiustificato in the notice of termination.

The amount of compensation is accordatoliberamente score by the parties, if there is agreement that the same saràdeterminato equitably by the court, in court, which will comelimite the maximum annual remuneration of the Agent on the average degliultimi 5 years, minus all of the mitigating case.

Mr. Paolo Pozzan

Firm Pozzan

Porto - Lisboa

www.paolopozzan.com

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The first poet of

Il primo poeta della storia dell'umanità nacque la notte di un giorno qualsiasi in un posto come tanti altri. In quel periodo tutte le cose più belle si erano nascoste in piena vista, e nessuno riusciva a notarle. La realtà era come un museo senza etichette e le parole vagavano libere in attesa di conoscere il loro significato. Il primo poeta non aveva la percezione della sua importanza: guardava il mondo con gli stessi occhi degli altri, ma i suoi contenevano un pericoloso luccichio.

La miccia che accese il suo talento fu il sorriso di una ragazza, destinato però ad un altro membro della sua tribù. Sfortunatamente per il povero poeta, il suo rivale lo superava in forza, bellezza e talento nella caccia, in short, all those skills that were used to seduce a woman.

only honed his ability to find beauty in the world, the poet could have defeated his rival, and so began to use her talent for taming the words.

In his mind these were nothing more than boxes to put aside for her little bits of wonder.

So every time I met her, he gave her something she did not know, like the moon, the sun, stars and spring.

She smiled and did not understand, and continued to roll in the grass with the other one.

One day after a particularly successful intercourse, she looked at the sky night repeating the words that the poet had taught him. His companion grunted in disgust, and then lay down on the grass.

She got up and ran via.Trovò the poet under a tree, with open eyes and a smile painted on his face.

She sat down beside her, and whispered in his ear

Tell me more.

At that moment, the world became a special place.

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SPAIN: Consignment Stock

Avv Piero Viganego

FUNZIONAMENTO IVA VENDITA CONDEPOSITO

Molte Aziende italiane puntano sulla costituzione di undeposito di merce (consignment stock)  presso l’agente, il distributore o unmagazzino logistico, ai fini di offrire maggior velocità diconsegna, ridurreil costo del trasporto e dare ai clienti la possibilità di ordinare partite più  piccole e frecuenti for loyalty to OFPRODUCTS Faced with increasing competition from Asian markets, which come at a lower price macon logistics more rigid and slow.

It is important to note that Spain is not necessarionominare a "tax representative" in these cases and that the pattern of VAT Equest:

Mr. Piero Viganego

Firm Viganego

Barcelona Madrid

www.pieroviganego.com

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PORTUGAL: The resolution of the agency contract

Lawyer Paolo Pozzan

I the Agency Agreement may be terminated by agreement, sunset, terminated by either party or for resolution.

Lacessazione agreement for : It occurs when both parties freely and by mutual agreement, shall terminate the contract. To be valid, such an agreement saying the agency agreement must be fulfilled lacondizione to be written.

Lacessazione to sunset :Avviene per sopravvenienza del termine o condizione contrattualmentestabilita dalla parti, per il contratto cessare i suoi effetti.

Quindi,se per esempio il contratto era triennale senza rinnovo automatico,allo scadere del terzo anno il contratto automaticamente decade. Lostesso succederà caso al posto di un termine fosse stata stabilitauna condizione futura ed incerta che si realizza, per esempio sino aquando non fosse costituita una filiale del Preponente.

Aquesto proposito è importante non dimenticare che un contratto atempo determinato is maintained in both performance leparti after his term or after execution of the condition shall be deemed automatically renewed for an indefinite period.

estinzionedel The contract agency must also lapsed with the death (for individuals) or settlement of legal personality (for persons group) of one of the contractors.

Lacessazione for complaint: It takes place in open-ended contracts, where a partecomunica other of its desire not to want to continue larelazione contract.

Uncontratto indefinitely, will then cease to A will either party with written notice to the other party.

Pernon run the risk of paying damages, the advance notice of such communication dovràtuttavia contractually determined. The Incas in which there is a rule that defines iltermine contract notice, contract law, agency portogheseprevede a legal notice varies depending on length delcontratto.

Oltrealla duration of the contract, to determine the appropriate period dipreavviso, should be taken into consideration altrevariabili appropriate, as may be la clausola di esclusivitàdell’agente,e quanto e in che misura il contratto di agenzia che sipretende risolvere sia determinante nell'attività commercialedell’Agente.

Salvodisposizione contrattuale in contrario, il termine dovrà coinciderecon la fine del mese civile. Il contratto potrà prevedere terminipiù lungi (norma imperativa relativa) ma per l'agente non potrannoessere previsti termini di preavviso superiori a quelli delpreponente.

Infine ricordiamo che la risoluzione per volontà del Preponente, anchenel rispetto del termine contrattuale, genera l’obbligo dipagamento dell'indennizzo della clientela all’Agente.

Lacessazione for resolution : occurs when one party has made a licensing grave breach of contractual obligation, as to make impossible lacontinuazione the contractual relationship, or when there causeesterne and strength greater, so is not required or siaparticolarmente heavy maintenance contract.

Ladichiarazione a resolution must be communicated in writing neltermine than a month after they learned that daorigine resolution.

Questarisoluzione, if it occurs for just cause, and if it is done dalPreponente for breach of Agent, Agent excludes dirittodell'indennizzo score.

Mr. Paolo Pozzan

Firm Pozzan

Porto - Lisboa


www.paolopozzan . com

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SPAIN: Will the lower payments in late trade?

Mr. Piero Viganego

The government's response allaproblematica of late payments, especially severe in Spain, it is attuatacon Law 15/2010.

Before the Reform Act eService only to qualify for the increased interest in arrears, soloquando you arrive at court proceedings. In fact, over the years by the crisis, instead of 5% interest you could take the interests of 11.10%, masempre in court, never by way of settlement.

La riforma non introduce la viadi sanzioni amministrative per costringere all’adempimento dei termini legalidi pagamento, ma lascia ai propri imprenditori la carica di denunciarsi avicenda e ai clienti, quando lo considerino conveniente ai propri interessi. Sitratta dunque di un intervento del Governo poco invasivo sul mercato, anche serealmente introduce il termine massimo di pagamento di 60 giorni nelleoperazioni commerciali. La Spagna si é anticipata alla riforma della Direttivasulla morosità e ha deciso di stabilire un termine di pagamento massimo di 60giorni, con questo regime transitorio:

   

From 07/07/2010 up to 31/12/2011	85 days
From 01/01/2012 to 31 / 12/2012	75 days
From 01/01/2013	60 days

You will begin to count dalladata delivery, even in the presence of a deadline for the examination and eventualeaccettazione the goods.

fatturareentro the companies will have 30 days from delivery.

The term "days" shall riferitoa calendar days, not just the holidays.

The intention of the legislature and those describing the maximum limit of 60 days even though he domenticato diderogare the old Article 9, which qualifies as the statutory scheme of 60days Subsidiary and seems to leave this matter to delleparti autonomy, then clauses allowing lengthening of payment terms, they are not abusive. The solution to cancel this incongruenzadella rule would be that the derogation under Article 9 or dell'inapplicazione daparte courts, which must comply with the limit of 60 days.

Raccomandazionelegislativa It is true that the European Parliament for the reform of the Directive is nellalinea to accept the extension of the period of 60 days, unless sitratti of abusive situations, but it seems clear that Spain diseguire decided the hard line of the maximum mandatory by parties.

What happens if a customer pagaoltre 60 days?

As mentioned before, lasoluzione if your supplier will have to try that, if you would raise your bandieradei their rights in front of the customer, you will:

§ Wait for the end customer relationship conil. In fact, what the company will tell a customer that is inadempientecon payment terms e che deve pagare gli interessi maggiorati?

§          Nel momento in cui il rapporto siafinito, senza speranza di riorientamento futuro, allora il fornitore potràandare dal Giudice per richiedere gli interessi, possibiltà questa che esistevaprima della riforma e che pochi hanno deciso di portare avanti.

Ci domandiamo se il fornitore potrebbe chiedere i danni.La Raccomandazione sulla riforma della Direttiva parla indirettamente di questapossibilità. Cosa succederebbe allora se un supplier fails to void the terms imposed by a higher-paying customer? In theory the customer could ask Idanna since the Court has the opportunity to speak nelleconseguenze ineffective due to clauses (Article 1258 English Civil Code).

Another way of doing so, the Act provides sullaConcorrenza unfair. The supplier does not accept payment of more than 60days and see how other competitors are contracted by a client chesupera the statutory period for payment, you may sue the supplier that clienteperso and tolerant, and ask for unfair competition, however, show that the danni.Dovrebbe point of the extended payment term summer determining the relationship between the customer and that competitor.

The Law on late payments Daallo business associations, chambers of commerce and boards of ordiniprofessionali, the ability to act in the courts for the annulment dipratiche continuing non-compliance with payment deadlines. Questienti so far have not acted in this area. We'll see if this change situazionenel future.

There will be another conseguenzaper companies pay beyond 60 days. The Law imponel'obbligo indicate in the Notes the "information about the terms of payment to suppliers."

This consequence may be piùapparente than real, for these reasons:

a) In Spain there for a specificasanzione the companies that make bad or incompletely propriaNota Accounts.

b) probably pagaoltre company that 60 days may be indicated in Note Notes: "In payments to suppliers Aziendarispetta the obligations contained in the Law 3 / 2004 of 29 December and nonapplica clauses that could be illegal according to the criteria of Article 9di this rule." In the case of companies subject to revision deiconti, we'll see what the reviewers admit.

We believe that the reform dadegli tools to pressure companies that pay late, we'll aveda whether providers or public or private legal entities agree diag.

Avv. Piero Viganego

Studio Legale Viganego

Barcellona Madrid

www.pieroviganego.com

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GERMANY: The trap of prescription! Three or ten years?

Mr. Otto Till Schillik

the many DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LAW AND THE ITALIAN AND GERMAN LAW How to avoid unpleasant surprises.

Italian entrepreneurs are lucky with a comfortable routine prescription of ten years. In Germany, however

rights shall lapse already with the course of three years.

What does this big difference on trade between Germany and Italy and which law is applicable

?

A typical example: an Italian manufacturer has provided a firm in Germany that does not pay

open invoices. We make the usual reminders and time goes on. One day, after four years

Italian producer begins to recover the amount due to open. And maybe he has to do

little experience favorable claims have already been met. The cause is lost.

The crucial question is: is applicable requirement under Italian law (10 years) or German (3 years)?

As always, the answer depends on the circumstances of each case. Principle we

distinguish three cases:

1. Commercial relations without derogating from the law applicable

A contract of sale on the bilateral level is defined under the law regularly valid to the headquarters of the seller (hence the Italian law by the ordinary prescription of ten years ). The Convention on Contracts for International Sales (CISG) does not contain rules regarding the prescription. There is an international agreement regarding the requirement that instead was never signed by either Italy or Germany.

note that, in most cases no contract is valid "prescription Italian" in ten years. But we emphasize that it is only a principle, is not eligible for any scheme.

2. Purchase contract with an explicit exception to the law applicable

course the parties are free to agree on a law applicable to both the Italian law is Germany. It is also possible to apply the law of Mauritania (who would not highly recommended as neither the manufacturer nor the customer nor the judge have

knowledge of the law of a third country). The proposal or choice of law depends economic power of a party; an important buyer of German will always be accepted by German law. But we must know the consequences.

3. Exception to the applicable law and Conditions

In many cases, the purchase agreement refers to the conditions General in which the buyer is shown the application of German law. It remains to be seen whether the conditions are validly agreed general if not explicitly accepted by the seller Italian, but simply follows the delivery of goods.

By what law are the general conditions stipulated in international relations?

Under Italian law or German? Everything seems to be a "vicious circle", but it falls under the a very important and complex issue, discussed controversy over high-level international jurisprudence.

For example, the Italian Civil Code provides for the so-called double signature to the terms

unfair, according to German law is even possible the tacit acceptance of the terms general proposals by the developer.

It is true that the general conditions facilitate trade, but will not few dangers. We therefore recommend that both a careful study of conditions

dell’acquirente sia una stesura professionale delle proprie condizioni generali.

Come affrontare la “trappola della prescrizione”?

Per andare sul sicuro consigliamo:

1. Tenete presente che la prescrizione ordinaria in Germania ammonta solamente a tre

anni.

2. Non lasciate passare troppo tempo dopo l’emissione delle fatture. Non fate più di 2

solleciti.

3. Non abbiate paura del Vostro cliente moroso. Egli sa che deve pagare e magari

waiting for the cause and then pay.

promptly proceed through the courts is also advisable for other reasons

(probability of winning, the memory of witnesses, the solvency of the customer).

4. "On the high seas and in the courts are in the hands of God"? Not true, have a good

expert can remove the doubt that there are still governed by the law applicable in

trade relations with foreign countries. If there is a shadow of doubt about the applicable law

will need a check contract and any conditions

general by an expert.

Tilbert Mr. O. Schillik

Monaco of Bavaria

www.schillik.de

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Portugal: recovery of the debt - Panorama general

Attorney Carla Valerio

phase of the claim is always complex.

First you should make a prior analysis of the situation to check the balance sheet and what the best action applicable.

Stragiudiziale consists of sending a notice and preliminary study of the solvency of the debtor to determine if and how it is worth promoting legal action if the failure persists.

after this type of analysis usually involves a number of benefits that allow you to define the strategy. One of the great advantages of this phase is the possibility of obtaining a confession by the debtor of the debt, including through unfulfilled repayment plan, which is enforceable.

Judicial : Case confirming that the debtor is insolvent, there are several solutions to choose from based on the analysis Prior made, both legal analysis (documentation,

contracts, etc.). that on the balance sheet of the debtor company.

• How precautionary attachment : To be used especially in the case of title and in other cases of possible depletion of the debtor's assets, However, it is difficult to apply with foreign creditors because of evidence of the "danger in delay" or the fact that the creditor is dissipating assets.

However, it has a significant effect in the case of title in a machine instrumental to the smooth functioning of the production chain of the debtor. ; The threat of removal of the machine normally encourages the debtor to pay as soon as possible.

• injunction : is a form of delivery (process monitor) to obtain judicial certification of the claim if it is in possession of only bills and ordered the debtor judicially the payment of his expired. This process may be subject to any opposition, which lets pass the process to ordinary procedure, with a requirement to build up in court.

• Enforcement: It is a direct application of the debtor's assets through foreclosures, which can only be based on an "enforcement" valid (check, bill , judgments, settlement, admission of the debt).

Although this procedure may be subject to the opposition which, however, does not suspend foreclosures (only in case of security or alleged falsification of documents) which remain valid (although it shall not be loro vendita finale) sino al transito in giudicato della decisione finale.

•   Fallimento : In Portogallo può essere instaurato indipendentemente dall'importo del credito e basato anche solo su fatture. Tuttavia è consigliabile avere sempre una sentenza/Decreto Ingiuntivo di certificazione del credito come base legittimante la richiesta di  fallimento,  caso contrario si  corre il rischio di  discutere la validità del credito nel fallimento, il quale, essendo un procedimento sommario ed urgente non è indicato. Ciò considered suggest using the direct failure (without ruling on certification) only in special cases and after balancing the risks.

fact they mature under certain conditions it may be worthwhile to proceed directly with a bankruptcy petition in order to obtain a transaction with partial payment of the remaining credit repayment plan with guaranteed by the directors of the debtor.

is also important to remember that in Portugal, the applicant creditor's bankruptcy bonus, equivalent to 20% of its claim to be privileged to pass on the movable mass insolvent.

Attorney Carla Valerio

Pozzan Law Firm - Advogados

Oporto - Lisbon

http://www.paolopozzan.com/

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FRANCE: Preventing default and recover its credit

Attorney Paul Bonsirven

PREVENTION:

Prevent leinsolvenze in France, requires the seller to get the French massimod'informazioni client, before accepting the order.

This ricercadeve be done systematically and more than once a year (or beyond depending on the creditor unimporto - strong exposure - and the other investigations debitorevedere sull'EIRL and sull'AUTOENTREPRENEUR).

All Dittefrancesi both corporate entities individuals are registered with the Commercial Court Cancelleriadei (or Civil Court) of the registered office.

The Registries èincaricato by law to keep updated Registre du Commerce et desSociétés RCS. The Registry therefore receives all the acts of constitutions and amendments, changes of directors, and budgets (for Srl and Spa).

Questadocumentazione is available to anyone who requested the clerk. Lecopie of documents can be obtained for a modest sum. Among the states questidocumenti privilege of membership are of great importance PERBEN assessing the financial position of buyers.

Among creditoriPrivilegiati are:

 URSSAF (diprevidenza compulsory social security fund) and all other speakers or organizations previdenzao Security Social

 the Treasury (tax and VAT)

And utileverificare if there are any protests. The inscriptions and protestidimostrano privileges, for French law, the insolvency of the debtor.

dunqueevitare need to sell to a customer's financial situation is so serious.

The application documents of this front can be done easily on the Internet:

http://www.infogreffe.fr

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THE RECUPEROCREDITO:

The Tribunalecompetente on disputes between traders and the Tribunal de Commerce.

In France there sonoquasi 180 Tribunal de Commerce

La maggior partedi questi Tribunali è costituta da giudici che sono imprenditori della città,eletti per due anni la prima volta e per quattro anni le volte successive.

Il Tribunale dicommercio è di primo grado (con appello possibile davanti la Corte d'Appello.

Davanti alTribunale di Commercio l'avvocato non è obbligatorio.

Treprocedure sono possibili :

1/PROCEDURA ORDINARY

This procedurasi place before the trial court and must be initiated with unacitazione served by a bailiff but is advisable to have a foreign unaditta French lawyer.

Date dellaprima hearing is scheduled in the citation, while respecting a period of 15giorni the date of notification of the proceedings thereof.

Timing perottenere a sentence First grade: 6 to 12 months if there sonocomplicazioni (skill)

The ruling puoprevedere the provisional execution on demand and decision Court, in matters

2/PROCEDURA REFEREE:

Always with unacitazione, with a minimum period of 7 to 10 days from the date of notification.

èpresentata The procedure is not before the Court, but the President of the Court.

ilPresidente By law, the Court has jurisdiction to

- ildebitore Order for uncontested claims

- Appoint unperito

E anchepreferibile entrust the practice to a lawyer.

Timing: from about 15 days to 1 month.

is possible per ildebitore condannato fare appello ( Corte d'Appello)

La condanna èsempre con la provvisoria esecuzione, dunque una delle parti potrebbe passarenuovamente davanti al Tribunale (procedura precedente) per ottenere unasentenza sul merito dell'affare. sentenza che lascia la possibilità di appello.

3/DECRETO INGIUNTIVO INJONCTION DE PAYER (decreto ingiuntivo):

È la procedura piùfacile e la meno costosa. L'avvocato non è necessario. La domanda si fà senzacitazione but with a simple request typed on paper intestatadel creditor or on its printed form.

must file a request with allegarealla

1.copiadell 'order

2.Copy dellefattura certified by the company owner

3.Copy dellabolla delivery

4.copia dellacambiale and / or of a notice of unpaid

5.copia dellalettera recommended formal notice with proof of receipt

Once studiatala, the President of the Court makes an ordonnance (decree). This order is sent by the Registrar, for the service. Questanotificazione un'ufficiale judiciary is entrusted to the notification.

The notificazionedeve absolutely be made within six months from the date of the order.

A voltaottenuta, notification is sent to the Registry to get the titoloesecutivo

Il debitore ha unmese di tempo per fare opposizione dalla data della notifica 

Se fà opposizione: il cancelliere convoca il creditore e il debitore davanti al Tribunale (laprocedura rientra nella fase ordinaria vista sopra)

Se non c'èopposizione : il cancellerie manda al creditore il titolo esecutivo peresecuzione

Una volta ottenutoil titolo, l'ufficiale giudiziario sarà incaricato di procedere all'esecuzione .

Avv. Paul Bonsirven

Studio Legale Bonsirven

Lione - Parigi